the voyage

πλόος, ὁ, [dialect] Att. [var] contr. [full] πλοῦς; pl.

A

πλοῖ S.Ph. 304

, X.An.5.7.7; gen.

πλῶν OGI132.9

(Egypt, ii B.C.); dat.

πλοῖς Antipho 5.83

; acc.

πλοῦς Arist.Mete. 362b24

; later, a gen. sg. πλοός, as if of third declens. (cf. χοῦς A), Peripl.M.Rubr.62, OGI572.21 (Myra, ii/iii A.D.), X. Eph.1.14; dat.

πλοΐ D.S.21.2

: pl.

πλόες Phot.

; acc.

πλόας IGRom. 4.841

([place name] Hierapolis): ([etym.] πλέω):—sailing, voyage, Od.3.169, Hdt. (who always has the disyll. form) 2.29, etc.;

ἔσσεται Ἀγεάνακτι καλὸς π. ἐς Μιτυλάναν Theoc.7.52

;

ναῶν π. Pi.O.7.32

;

πλόον ὁρμαίνειν Od.

l.c.; πλοῦν στεῖλαι, ποιεῖσθαι, S.Aj. 1045, Ph. 552; ἔξω πλόου out of one's course, Pi.P.11.39;

ἐπ' ἡμέρας τέσσερας πλόος Hdt.2.29

; μῆκός ἐστι πλόος ἡμέραι τέσσερες its length is four days' sail, ib. 158; ἐκ τῶν πλόων when the voyage is done, Id.1.185: metaph.,

διὰ τοῦ πλοῦ.. τῆς ζωῆς Pl.Lg. 803b

.

2 time or tide for sailing, ὡραῖος π., εἰαρινὸς π., Hes.Op. 630, 678;

καιρὸς καὶ π. S.Ph. 1450

(anap.); π. ἡμῖν ἐγίγνετο, i.e. the wind was fair, Antipho 5.24, cf. Th.1.137;

π. ἐστί τινι E.Hec. 899

, IA92;

παραπεσόντος π. τισί Plb.4.57.6

; πλῷ χρήσασθαι to have a fair wind, Th.3.3;

πλόον δοκάζων Sophr.52

: pl.,

καλλίστοις ἐχρήσαντο πλοῖς Antipho 5.83

.

3 prov., δεύτερος π. 'the next best way', of those who try another scheme if the first fails (from those who use oars when the wind fails, ὁ δ. π. ἐστι δήπου λεγόμενος, ἂν ἀποτύχῃ τις οὐρίου (cj.),

κώπαισι πλεῖν Men.241

), Pl.Phd. 99d, Phlb. 19c, Plt. 300c; δεύτερος δὲ π..., πειρᾶσθαι.. the next best thing is to try.., Arist.Pol. 1284b19;

κατὰ τὸν δ. πλοῦν Id.EN 1109a35

;

δ. ἂν εἴη π. τὸ.. Plb.8.36.6

: prov.,

οὐ παντὸς ἀνδρὸς ἐπὶ τράπεζάν ἐσθ' ὁ π. Nicol.Com.1.26

, cf. Κόρινθος; ἡμέτερος ὁ π. 'our innings', Com.Adesp.274.

4 later, = ὁδός, βαιὸν π. αἰὲν ὀκέλλει, of the crawling of a serpent, Nic.Th. 295, cf. Sch. ad loc.

b highway,

ὑλήεντα διὰ πλόον ἐρχομένοισι Antim.62

;

ἔχοντα παρὰ πλόον οἰκίον Call.Hec.1.4.13

.

μερίζω, [dialect] Dor. [suff] μερῐδαρχ-ίσδω, Bion 2.31: [dialect] Att. [tense] fut. -ιῶ Pl.Prm. 131c: [tense] aor.

A

ἐμέρισα Nicom.Com.1.27

; [dialect] Dor. part.

μερίξας Ti.Locr.99d

: [tense] pf.

μεμέρικα D.H.Pomp.4

:—[voice] Med., [tense] fut. - ίσομαι Sopat. in Rh.8.306 W., - ιοῦμαι LXX Pr.14.18: [tense] aor.

ἐμερισάμην Is.9.24

, etc.: [tense] pf.

μεμέρισμαι D.47.34

(v.l. νενέμημαι):—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut.

μεριοῦμαι Arist.PA 664a27

,

μερισθήσομαι Plot.4.3.8

, 6.4.4: [tense] aor.

ἐμερίσθην Pl.Ti. 56d

, etc.: [tense] pf.

μεμέρισμαι Id.Prm. 144b

, D.15.5, etc.: ([etym.] μερίς):—divide, distribute, Pl. Prm. 131c;

μ. τὸ ἄπειρον Arist.Ph. 204a34

;

μ. [ἀρχήν] τινα εἰς πλείους Id.Pol. 1321b37

; καθ' ἕκαστον εἶδος πολιτείας μ. make a division, ib. 1304b19: abs., split up the amount, ib. 1268b15: Arith., μ. τι παρά τι, εἴς τι, divide by.., Dioph.4.33,34, al.: abs., Gal.5.223.

2 assign a part, allot,

ἐφ' ἕκαστον μ. τὸ φιλεῖν Arist.MM 1213b5

; μ. τοὺς τόκους πρὸς τὸν πλοῦν allot the interest according to the voyage, i.e. pay only a part of it, if a part only of the voyage has been performed, D.56.49; allot, assign spheres of duty, τινι PHamb.24.6 ([voice] Pass.); apportion, allocate funds, IG22.29.18, al., SIG577.22 (Milet., iii/ii B.C. ) ([voice] Pass., IG22.1672.116,al.);

τὸ μὲν εἰς δαπάνην, τὸ δ' εἰς θησαυρισμόν Phld.Oec.p.71

J., cf. Sto.339.15, Metrod.Herc.831.13; bestow, POxy. 713.29 (i A.D.), etc.; κατὰ τόπους μ. τὰς ἀναγραφάς divide, arrange them, D.H.Th.9; μ. τινὰ τοῖς ποιηταῖς, i. e. make one a theme for several tragedies, Him.Ecl.4.18:—[voice] Pass., to be delivered over, εἰς ὕβριν καὶ δουλείαν Chor.p.216 B.

3 sever, cut off,

πελέκει χεῖρα Him.Or. 2.21

.

4 apply by turns, τὰς χεῖρας τῷ τε τείχει καὶ τῇ λύρᾳ ib.21.12.

II [voice] Med., μερίζεσθαί τι divide among themselves,

χρήματα Din.1.10

, cf. Theoc.21.31;

τι μετά τινος D.34.18

;

πρός τινα τὴν ἀρχήν Hdn.3.10.6

; take possession of, τι D.34.35; ἠρόμην αὐτὸν πότερα μεμερισμένος εἴη πρὸς τὸν ἀδελφόν whether he had gone shares with his brother, Id.47.34.

2 c. gen. rei, get a portion of, Is.9.24.

b take part in,

τοῦ ἀδικήματος Arist.EN 1137a2

.

III [voice] Pass., to be divided,

κατὰ μέρος X.An.5.1.9

(s. v.l.);

ἐπὶ πολλά Hp.Insomn.86

;

τὸ μερίζεσθαι τὰς οὐσίας εἰς ὁποσονοῦν πλῆθος Arist.Pol. 1265b3

; μ. πρὸς ἑκάστην διοίκησιν (sc. αἱ πρόσοδοι) are distributed, ib. 1321b32; ἐς πᾶσαν πεῖραν μ. make attempts in every direction, App.BC4.78, cf. Luc.DDeor.24.1;

μερίζεταί τι ἀπό τινος Id.Nav.8

.

2 to be dispersed,

ὕδωρ ὑπὸ πυρὸς μερισθέν Pl.Ti. 56d

; to be split up,

ἄνθρωπος πληγῇ τινι μεριζόμενος Democr.32

: metaph., have divided interests, disperse one's energy, Chor.p.11 B.; also, to be split into parties or factions, Plb.8.21.9, App.BC1.1, Hdn.3.10.4; μεμέρισται ὁ Χριστός; 1 Ep.Cor.1.13.

3 to be reckoned as part,

ἐν τῇ ἀρχῇ τινος μ. D.15.5

.

πλείων, [full] πλέων, ὁ, ἡ, neut. πλεῖον, πλέον, πλεῖν, [comp] Comp. of πολύς (on the forms v. sub fin.),

A more, of number, size, extent, etc.,

οἱ δὲ μάχονται παυρότεροι πλεόνεσσι Il.13.739

;

πλείων μὲν πλεόνων μελέτη Hes. Op. 380

; ἐς πλείονας οἰκεῖν govern for the interest of the majority, Th. 2.37; πλέον' ἔλπομαι λόγον Ὀδυσσέος ἢ πάθαν greater than.., Pi.N.7.21; τὸν πλείω λόγον all further speech, S.Tr. 731;

ὁ ὄχλος πλείων καὶ πλείων ἐπέρρει X.Cyr.7.5.39

; πλείω τὸν πλοῦν.. ποιησάμενοι having made the voyage longer, Th.8.39; ὁ π. βίος a longer life, Pl.Ti. 75c;

μακροτέρα καὶ π. ὁδός Id.R. 435d

, etc.; of Time, longer,

π. χρόνος Hdt. 9.111

, S.Ant.74;

πλέων νὺξ τῶν δύο μοιράων Il.10.252

.

2 with Art., οἱ πλέονες the greater number, the mass or crowd, 5.673, Od.2.277;

οἱ πλεῦνες Hdt.1.106

, etc.: c. gen., τὰς πλεῦνας τῶν γυναικῶν ib.1; the people, opp. the chief men, Id.7.149, Th.8.73, 89, etc.; euphem. of the dead,

ἀνεστηκυῖα παρὰ τῶν πλειόνων Ar.Ec. 1073

;

εὖτ' ἂν ἵκηαι ἐς πλεόνων AP11.42

(Crin.); ἐς πλεόνων μετοικεσίην ib. 7.731 (Leon.); τὸ πλεῖον πολέμοιο the greater part of.., Il.1.165; ὅστις τοῦ πλέονος μέρους χρῄζει, opp. τοῦ μετρίου, S.OC 1211 (lyr.);

τοῦ πλέονος ἐλπίδι ὀρέγονται Th.4.17

, cf. 92.

II pecul. usages of neut.:

1 as a Noun, more,

πλεῦν ἔτι τούτου Hdt.2.19

, etc.;

εἴ τι ἐνορῶ πλέον Id.1.89

; τὸ δὲ π. nay, what is more, E.Supp. 158 (Musgr. for τί δὲ.. ); to a greater extent, Th.1.90, 7.57, etc.; πλέον or τὸ πλέον τινός a higher degree of a thing,

τίς πλέον τᾶς εὐδαιμονίας φέρει; S.OT 1189

(lyr.);

τὸ π. τοῦ χρόνου Th.1.118

, etc.; also τὸ π. ὃ ἀναφέρει the excess which he reports, PCair.Zen. 661 (iii B.C.); ᾧ πλεῖον the excess, prob. in PPetr.2p.42 (iii B.C.), cf. PCair.Zen.742.26 (iii B. C.); πλέον ἔχειν to have the advantage, have the best of it, like πλεονεκτέω, c. gen., Hdt.9.70, Pl.R. 343d, 349b, etc.;

τὸ π. πάντων ἔχειν X.Cyr.1.3.18

: more fully,

μοίρης πλεῖον ἔχειν Thgn.606

;

π. τινὸς φέρεσθαι Hdt.8.29

;

π. φέρεσθαι τῶν ἄλλων And.4.4

, etc.; π. ποιεῖν do some good, be successful,

βουλοίμην ἂν πλέον τί με ποιῆσαι ἀπολογούμενον Pl.Ap. 19a

; οὐδὲν π. ποιήσειν, -ῆσαι, And.1.149, 4.7, cf. Pl.Phd. 115c, etc.;

παραινοῦσ' οὐδὲν ἐς π. ποιῶ S.OT 918

;

οὐδὲν π. ὀψοφαγῶν ποιήσεις Ath.8.344b

;

οὐδὲν εἴργασμαι π. E.Hipp. 284

;

οὐδὲν π. πρᾶξαι Id.IA 1373

, And.4.20, etc.; οὐδὲν ἐπίσταμαι π. have no superior knowledge, Pl.Tht. 161b; τί πλέον; what more, i.e. what good or use is it? Antipho 5.95, etc.;

τί π. πλουτεῖν.. πάντων ἀποροῦντας; Ar.Pl. 531

;

τί σοι π. λυπουμένῃ γένοιτ' ἄν; E.Hel. 322

;

τί π. ἔστ' εἰς τέκνα πονεῖν; Supp.Epigr.1.567.1

(Karanis, iii B.C.), cf. AP7.261.1 (Diotim.); also

οὐδὲν ἦν π. τοῖς πεπονθόσιν Lys.19.4

(= And.1.7), cf. D.35.31;

ὧν οὐδέν μοι π. γέγονε Isoc.15.28

;

οὐδέν γέ σοι π. ἔσται Pl.R. 341a

;

τί τὸ π.; Epigr.Gr.306

a.3; ἐπὶ πλέον as Adv., more, further, Hdt.2.171, 5.51, Th.6.54, Pl.Phdr. 261b, etc.: c. gen., beyond,

ἐπὶ π. τῶν ἄλλων ἰσχύσας Th.1.9

(but,

ἐπὶ τὸ π. ἵκεο μοίσας

to surpassing height in..,

Theoc.1.20

); also

ὅταν τις ἐς π. πέσῃ τοῦ θέλοντος S.OC 1219

codd. (lyr.); περὶ πλείονος ποιεῖσθαι, v. περί A. IV.

2 as Adv., more, rather, π. ἔφερέ οἱ ἡ γνώμη κατεργάσεσθαι τὴν Ἑλλάδα he inclined rather to the belief.., Hdt.8.100;

οὐ τοῦτο δειμαίνεις π.; A.Pr.41

;

σέ.. τῶνδ' ἐς πλέον σέβω S.OT 700

;

ἢ π. ἢ ἔλαττον D.18.125

; π. ἔλαττον more or less, BGU402.9 (vi A. D.), IG14.177 ([place name] Syracuse); also τὸ π., [dialect] Ion. τὸ πλεῦν, for the most part, Th.1.81, etc.; αὐτῆς τὸ π. μέτοχός εἰμι have the larger share, Hdt.3.52; τὸ π., = μᾶλλον, οὐ χάριτι τὸ π. ἢ φόβῳ Th.1.9, cf. 2.37; ἐστὶν ὁ πόλεμος οὐχ ὅπλων τὸ π., ἀλλὰ δαπάνης not so much.., as.., Id.1.83.

b with Numerals,

τοξότας π. ἢ εἴκοσι μυριάδας X.Cyr.2.1.6

;

οἶκος πλέον ἢ τεττάρων ταλάντων Is.10.23

; ἐν πλέον ἢ διακοσίοις ἔτεσι v.l. in D.24.141 (fort. πλεῖν, v. infr.);

π. ἢ ἐν διπλασίῳ χρόνῳ X.Oec.21.3

:—in this sense a short form πλεῖν is used by [dialect] Att. writers (cf. Moer.p.294 P., but the rule is not universal, cf. IG22.657.25 (iii B. C.), etc.),

πλεῖν ἢ τριάκονθ' ἡμέρας Ar.Ach. 858

; πλεῖν ἢ χιλίας (sc. δραχμάς) Id.Eq. 444;

στάδια πλεῖν ἢ χίλια Id.Av.6

, cf. Nu. 1041, 1065, al.;

πλεῖν ἤ γε διπλοῦν Id.Lys. 589

;

πλεῖν ἢ 'νιαυτῷ πρεσβύτερος Id.Ra.18

, cf. 91; πλεῖν ( πλεῖον codd.)

ἢ πέντε τάλαντα D.21.173

;

πλεῖν ἢ δυοῖν ποδοῖν Eub.119.10

; ἤ is freq. omitted,

πλεῖν ἑξακοσίας Ar.Av. 1251

; ἔτη γεγονὼς πλείω ἑβδομήκοντα v.l. in Pl.Ap. 17d; but δέκα πλείοσιν ἔτεσι for ten years more, Id.Lg. 932c;

τρεῖς μῆνας καὶ πλείω X.HG2.2.16

;

λίθους.. ὅσον μνααίους καὶ πλεῖον καὶ μεῖον Id.Eq.Mag.1.16

: with number in gen.,

κώμας.. οὐ πλεῖον εἴκοσι σταδίων ἀπεχούσας Id.An.3.2.34

, cf. 7.3.12.

c Com., πλεῖν ἢ μαίνομαι more than to madness, Ar. Ra. 103, 751.

d pl. πλείω used like πλέον, Th.1.3, Pl.R. 417b, D. 23.213, etc.;

τὰ π. Th.1.81

;

πλέω A.Ag. 868

codd.

e regul. Adv.

πλειόνως Aen.Tact.7.4

, J.AJ17.1.1.

B FORMS: [dialect] Ep. use πλείων or πλέων as metre requires, also nom. and acc. pl. πλέες, πλέᾰς, Il.2.129, 11.395, Call.Aet.Oxy.2080.85 (so, with ι from ε, Cret. πλίες, πλίας, Leg.Gort.7.18,24, GDI 5125 B8, also πλίαδ ([etym.] δὲ) Leg.Gort.7.29, πλίανς ib.5.54; πλέας also [dialect] Aeol., IG12(2).1.9 (Mytil., iv B. C.)); dat. pl.

πλεόνεσσι Il.13.739

( πλεόνεσιν is f.l. in Hdt.7.224); Cret. also acc. sg. neut.

πλίον Leg.Gort.1.37

, al., gen. πλίονος ib.2.39, al., neut. pl. πλίονα ib.4.51, πλία ib.10.17; [dialect] Aeol. [full] πλήων Hdn.Gr.2.431, also late [dialect] Dor., IPE12.79.18 (Byzant., i A. D.); [dialect] Att. Inscrr. have - ει- always before - ου- and -ω-, IG12.76.7, 22.657.25, 2498.22, etc., but - ε- and - ει- before -ο-, ib.12.94.33,40.3,4, 22.2670.4 (but always πλέον).

προσβολή, ἡ, ([etym.] προσβάλλω)

A application, e.g. of the touchstone, A. Ag. 391 (lyr., pl.); ἡ τῆς σικύας π. Arist.Rh. 1405b3;

ἡ π. τῶν ὀμμάτων πρός τι Pl.Tht. 153e

; φίλιαι π. προσώπων, of kisses, E.Supp. 1138 (lyr.): abs., kiss, embrace, Id.Med. 1074; τῆς γλώττης προσβολαί, opp. συμβολαὶ τῶν χειλῶν, Arist.PA 660a6; ἄνευ προσβολῆς (sc. τῆς γλώττης ) pronounced without applying the tongue to the teeth, etc., Id.Po. 1456b26: metaph.,

π. τῆς φαντασίας Stoic.2.33

: abs., of an act of intuition, Porph.Sent.43, Plot.2.9.1, 3.8.10, al.

2 in an auction, document recording the knocking down of a lot to a purchaser, PEleph.23.17 (iii B.C.), PTeb.814.28 (iii B.C.).

II (from intr. sense) falling upon, attack, assault (expld. by Hsch. as τῶν ἀθλητῶν ἡ συναφὴ καὶ κατοχή)

, π. Ἀχαιίς A.Th.28

;

προσβολὴν ποιέεσθαι πέριξ τὸ τεῖχος Hdt.3.158

: pl., Id.4.128, Th.2.4, 5.61, X.HG 1.3.14, etc.;

προσβολὰς παρασκευάζεσθαι τῷ τείχει Th.2.18

;

προσβολῆς γινομένης πρὸς τὸ τεῖχος Hdt.6.101

;

τὰς π. ἀποκρούεσθαι Id.4.200

;

προσβολαὶ ἱππέων Th.3.1

, cf. X.An.3.4.2; π. sudden attacks, opp. ξυσταδὸν μάχαι, Th.7.81; ἐκ προσβολῆς at the first assault, Philostr.Her.19.3; ἀντιφραττόμενοι ταῖς π. SIG780.19 (Epist.Augusti, i B.C.).

2 generally, attack, visitation,

προσβολαὶ Ἐρινύων A.Ch. 283

;

μιασμάτοιν Id.Eu. 600

;

δαιμόνων Ar. Pax39

(with allusion to the stench striking one's nose, cf.

προσβάλλω 1.3

);

προσβολαὶ κακαί E.El. 829

;

ἐκ θεοῦ προσβολῆς ἐμηνάμην Id.Cret.9

;

π. θεῖαι Antipho 3.3.8

;

πυρὸς ἢ χειμῶνος προσβολῇ Pl.Lg. 865b

; attack, fit of disease, Dsc. 5.113;

π. δεισιδαιμονίας Plu.2.43d

: but, beat of pulse, Ruf.Syn.Puls. 7.5.

3 without hostile sense, impact of sound, βραδεῖα μὲν γὰρ ἐν λόγοισι π. μόλις δι' ὠτὸς ἔρχεται ῥυπωμένου, i.e. impressions through an old man's ears are slow, S.Fr. 858; contact,

π. καὶ ἐπαφή Stoic.2.123

;

τοῦ ἡλίου αἱ π. αἱ πρῶται Ael.NA14.23

.

4 means of approaching, approach,

παρέχειν π. καὶ ἐπαφήν Pl.Sph. 246a

; προσβολὰς ἀφράστους ἔχειν, of a place, Plu.Caes.53; π. ἔχειν τῆς Σικελίας to afford a means of entering Sicily, Th.4.1; ἡ τοῦ στομάχου π. Arist.HA 507b3; οὔσης.. τραχείας τῆς π. Plb.3.51.4; of ships, landing-place, harbour, place to touch at, ὁλκάδων π. Th.4.53; of a place, ἐν προσβολῇ εἶναι τῆς Σικελίας to be a port of call on the voyage to Sicily, Id.6.48; meeting-point, Pl.Ti. 36c.

5 Rhet., in pl., approaches to a subject, ject, Philostr.VS1.9.1.

III (from [voice] Pass.) that which is put upon a weapon or tool, iron point, D.C.38.49 (pl.), Phryn.PSp.100 B. (nisi leg. προβολή).

2 point of attachment of a stake fixed in the ground, Plb.18.18.14 (pl.).

ὑποζώννυμι pres. ptc. ὑποζωννύς; aor. impv. ὑπόζωσον PsSol 17:22; pf. pass. ptc. fem. pl. ὑπεζωσμέναι 2 Macc 3:19 (Hdt. et al.; LXX; Jos., Bell. 2, 275, Vi. 293) undergird, brace, nautical t.t.: provide a ship w. ὑποζώματα (Pla., Rep. 616c; Athen. 5, 204a=funibus Horace, Odes 1, 14, 6; the technology is expressed in a joke Aristoph., Equ. 279), i.e. w. cables that go around the outside of the hull, and in the case of merchantmen, under it (s. Casson below), to give the ship greater firmness in a heavy sea (the verb has this mng. in Polyb. 27, 3, 3; IG I², 73, 9) Ac 27:17.—ABoeckh, Urkunden über das Seewesen des attischen Staates 1840, 134ff; TWoolsey, On an Expression in Ac 27:17, The American Biblical Repository 8, 1842, 405–12; JSmith, The Voyage and Shipwreck of St. Paul⁴ 1880, 107ff; 204ff; Breusing 170–82; HBalmer, Die Romfahrt des Ap. Paulus 1905, 160–64; ESchauroth, HSCP 22, 1911, 173–79; CVoigt, Die Romfahrt des Ap. Pls.: Hansa 53, 1916, 728f; FBrannigan, ThGl 25, ’33, 182; HCadbury, Beginn. I/5, ’33, 345–54; LCasson, Ships and Seamanship, etc., ’71, 91f, 211; comm.—M-M.

ψηφ-ίζω, [tense] fut. [dialect] Att. - ιῶ ([etym.] ἐπι-) Aeschin.2.84: [tense] aor.

A

ἐψήφισα Plu.2.141c

, ([etym.] ἐπι-) Th.2.24: [tense] pf. ἐψήφικα ([etym.] ἐπ-) X.An.5.6.35, ([etym.] κατ-) D.H.5.8:— [voice] Med., v. infr. 11:—[voice] Pass., v. infr. 111:—count, reckon, prop. with pebbles ([etym.] ψῆφοι), Plb.5.26.13, AP11.168 (Antiphan.), 171 (Lucill.); ψ. δακτύλοις Plu.l.c.

2 ἐὰν ψηφίσῃς τὸ ἓν ἐν γράμμασιν, i.e. if you add up the numerical values of the letters in the word ἕν, Theol.Ar. 64.

II more freq. in [voice] Med. [full] ψηφίζομαι: [tense] fut. [dialect] Att.

ψηφιοῦμαι Ar. V. 769

, Th.7.48, Pl.Smp. 177d, etc. ( ψηφίσομαι is f.l. where found, e.g. in Lys.12.44, 14.47, ([etym.] κατα-) Antipho 1.12, 6.10, ([etym.] ἀπο-) ibid.): [tense] aor.

ἐψηφισάμην Hdt.5.97

, Th.7.48, etc.: [tense] pf. ἐψήφισμαι in med. sense, Ar.V. 591 (anap.), Th.1.120, etc.:—prop., cast one's vote with a pebble:

1 abs.,

εἰς ὑδρίαν ψ. X.HG1.7.9

, cf. Ar.V. 755 (anap.): generally, vote,

ψήφῳ ψηφίζεσθαι μὴ φεύγειν Hdt.9.55

; τοῖς νόμοις ψηφίσασθαι vote in support of the laws, D.21.188;

ἐναντία ψ. τινι Pl. Smp. 177d

.

2 c. acc., vote for, carry by vote,

τὸν πόλεμον Th.1.86

; ψηφίσασθαί τινι τὸν πλοῦν vote him the voyage, Id.4.29;

ψ. παρασκευήν Id.6.25

, cf. Ar.Lys. 951;

ἐπιβολὴν ψ. Id.V. 769

;

δίκην Is.3.7

;

ἄδειαν And.1.12

;

διαδίκασμα ψ. τινι Lys.17.10

; κλῆρόν τινι ψ. to adjudge it to.., D.43.6: c. dupl. acc., ψ. τινα θεόν vote him a god, Plu.2.187e.

3 c. inf., vote, resolve to do something, c. inf. [tense] pres.,

ψ. μένειν Hdt.7.207

, cf. 9.55 (supr. cit.);

ψ. τι δρᾶν A.Ag. 1353

: c. inf. [tense] aor.,

ψ. νέας ἀποστεῖλαι Hdt.5.97

, cf. Ar.V. 591 (anap.), Pl.Grg. 516e: c. inf. [tense] fut., ψ. πάντας ἀποσφάξειν (better ἀποσφάξαι as cod. P) D.S.12.72: c. acc. et inf., vote that..,

ψ. τὰς σπονδὰς λελύσθαι Th.1.88

;

ψ. ὥστε μὴ ἴσων ἕκαστον τυγχάνειν X.Cyr.2.2.20

:

ψ. ὅπως τις ἄρχοι μόνος Plu.Pomp.54

.

4 ψ. περί, ὑπέρ τινος, Pl.Demod. 382d, Aeschin.1.154.

III [voice] Act. is used in signf. decide by vote,

δίκην κατ' ἄλλου.. ἐψήφισαν S.Aj. 449

, and is also found in IGRom.4.293a ii 57 (Pergam., ii B.C.); ψηφίζομεν is dub. in Hdn.2.3.4 ( ἐπευφημίζομεν Schwartz):—[voice] Pass., [tense] aor. ψηφισθῆναι be voted,

τοῖς στρατηγοῖς εἴ του προσδέοιντο ψηφισθῆναι ἐς τὸν ἔκπλουν Th.6.8

;

τὸ ψήφισμα ἐψηφίσθη Lys.13.29

;

τὰ ψηφισθέντα πλοῖα X.HG1.2.1

: [tense] fut.,

τὰ ψηφισθησόμενα Isoc.6.92

: [tense] pf.,

ἐψηφισμένοι θανεῖν

condemned by vote,

E.Heracl. 141

;

τοῖς ἰχθυοπώλαις ἐστὶν ἐψηφισμένον.. στῆσαι Alex. 56

.

Σάμος, ου, ἡ (Hom. et al.; oft. in ins; 1 Macc 15:23; Sib-Or 3, 363; Ath. 17, 3) Samos, an island off the west coast of Asia Minor, opposite the promontory of Mycale, not far fr. Ephesus. Landing-place for ships on the voyage fr. the Hellespont to Syria (Jos., Ant. 16, 23; 62) Ac 20:15.—CCurtius, Urkunden zur Gesch. von Samos 1873, Inschriften u. Studien zur Geschichte von S. 1877.—Pauly-W. I A, 2162–2218; Kl. Pauly IV 1534–37; BHHW III 1663; PECS 802–3.—DELG s.v. σάμος.

πόνος (-ος, -ῳ, -ον; -οι, -ων, -οις, -ους.)

διθάλασσος, ον (s. θάλασσα; Strabo 1, 1, 8; 2, 5, 22; Dio Chrys. 5, 9 [in the Syrtis]; Dionys. Perieget. 156; SibOr 5, 334) ‘with the sea on both sides’. τόπος δ. Ac 27:41 is a semantic unit signifying a point (of land jutting out with water on both sides); s. Warnecke, Romfahrt 86–90; for other explanations s. Breusing 202 ‘a reef’, based on Strabo 1, 1, 8; ‘sandbank’ AWeiser, Die Apostelgesch. ’85, 658 and 665, so also JRoloff, Die Apostelgesch. ’81, 357; ‘canal’ JSmith, The Voyage and Shipwreck of St. Paul⁴ 1880, 143; sim. HBalmer, D. Romfahrt des Ap. Pls 1905, 413ff; ‘a small strait’ FBrannigan, ThGl 25, ’33, 186. L-S-J-M ‘headland’; REB ‘cross-currents’. S. Haenchen ad loc.; for critique of H. and others s. Warnecke, loc. cit.

εὐρακύλων, ωνος, ὁ (CIL VIII, 26652 ‘euroaquilo’; a hybrid formation of Lat.-Gk. sailor’s language, made fr. εὖρος and Lat. aquilo, B-D-F §5, 1d; 115, 1; Rob. 166) the northeast wind, Euraquilo, the northeaster Ac 27:14 (v.l. εὐροκλύδων, q.v.). JSmith, The Voyage and Shipwreck of St. Paul⁴ 1880, 119ff; 287ff; Hemer, Acts 141f; Warnecke, Romfahrt 37–39.—M-M.

ἀπᾰνύω [ῠ],

A finish entirely, νῆες ἀπήνυσαν οἴκαδε (sc. ὁδόν ) the ships performed the voyage home, Od.7.326:—[voice] Pass., Q.S.5.1.

ὁδοιπόρ-ιον, τό,

A passagemoney paid to a ship-master, or provisions for the voyage, Od.15.506 : pl., Sammelb.7243.5 (iv A. D.).

διανύω 1 aor. διήνυσα (ἀνύω ‘effect, accomplish’; Hom. et al.)

① to carry out an activity, complete w. acc. (Hom. Hymns et al.; Vett. Val. 81, 27; 109, 4; 330, 9; POxy 1469, 4; 2407, 7; Jos., Bell. 5, 51, Ant. 10, 36) τὸν πλοῦν the voyage (Achilles Tat. 5, 17, 1) Ac 21:7; but continue is also probable here (as Xenophon Eph. 3, 2, 12 διενύετο εὐτυχῶς ὁ πλοῦς [Erotici, ed. RHercher, I 361, 29f]; 1, 11, 2 τ. πλοῦν; 5, 1, 1; 5, 10, 3; 5, 11, 1. S. Field, Notes 134f w. emphasis on Xenophon Eph.; Beginn. IV ad loc.; s. also Eur., Or. 1663). Either aspect is poss. for δρόμον δ. 1 Cl 20:2 (cp. Mel., Fgm. 8 b, 3 Goodsp. w. cod. Ambr. [διανοίσας cod. Vat.; in Perler’s text p. 230 ln. 21 διανοίξας]).

② arrive (at), intr., travel (to) (Polyb. 3, 53, 9; Diod S 17, 39, 1 εἰς Βαβυλῶνα; 2 Macc 12:17, also w. εἰς) 1 Cl 25:3.—DELG s.v. ἄνυμι. M-M.

πόρος, ὁ, ([etym.] πείρω, περάω)

A means of passing a river, ford, ferry, Θρύον Ἀλφειοῖο π. Thryum the ford of the Alphëus, Il.2.592, h.Ap. 423, cf. h.Merc. 398;

πόρον ἷξον Ξάνθου Il.14.433

;

Ἀξίου π. A.Pers. 493

; ἀπικνέεται ἐς τὸν π.τῆς διαβάσιος to the place of the passage, Hdt.8.115;

π. διαβὰς Ἅλυος A.Pers. 864

(lyr.);

τοῦ κατ' Ὠρωπὸν π. μηδὲν πραττέσθω IG12.40.22

.

2 narrow part of the sea, strait,

διαβὰς πόρον Ὠκεανοῖο Hes.Th. 292

;

παρ' Ὠκεανοῦ.. ἄσβεστον π. A.Pr. 532

(lyr.); π. Ἕλλης ([dialect] Dor. Ἕλλας), = Ἑλλήσποντος, Pi.Fr. 189, A.Pers. 875(lyr.), Ar.V. 308(lyr.); Ἰόνιος π. the Ionian Sea which is the passage-way from Greece to Italy, Pi.N.4.53;

πέλαγος αἰγαίου πόρου E.Hel. 130

; Εὔξεινος, ἄξενος π. (cf.

πόντος 11

), Id.Andr. 1262, IT 253; διάραντες τὸν π., i.e. the sea between Sicily and Africa, Plb.1.37.1; ἐν πόρῳ in the passage-way (of ships), in the fair-way, Hdt.7.183, Th. 1.120, 6.48;

ἐν π. τῆς ναυμαχίης Hdt.8.76

;

ἕως τοῦ π. τοῦ κατὰ τὸν ὅρμον τὸν Ἀφροδιτοπολίτην PHib.1.38.5

(iii B.C.).

3 periphr., πόροι ἁλός the paths of the sea, i.e. the sea, Od.12.259;

Αἰγαίου πόντοιο πλατὺς π. D.P.131

;

ἐνάλιοι π. A.Pers. 453

; π.ἁλίρροθοι ib. 367, S.Aj. 412(lyr.); freq. of rivers, π. Ἀλφεοῦ, Σκαμάνδρου, i.e. the Alphëus, Scamander, etc., Pi.O.1.92, A.Ch. 366(lyr.), etc.;

ῥυτοὶ π. Id.Eu. 452

, cf. 293; Πλούτωνος π. the river Pluto, Id.Pr. 806: metaph., βίου π. the stream of life, Pi.I.8(7).15;

π. ὕμνων Emp.35.1

.

4 artificial passage over a river, bridge, Hdt.4.136, 140, 7.10.

γ;

aqueduct,

IG7.93

(Megara, V A.D., restd.), Epigr.Gr.1073.4 ([place name] Samos).

5 generally, pathway, way, A.Ag. 910, S.Ph. 705(lyr.), etc.; track of a wild beast, X.Cyr.1.6.40; αἰθέρα θ' ἁγνὸν πόρον οἰωνῶν their pathway, A.Pr. 284(anap.); ἐν τῷ π.εἶναι to be in the way, Sammelb.7356.11(ii A.D.): metaph.,

πραπίδων πόροι A.Supp.94

(lyr.).

6 passage through a porous substance, opening, Epicur.Ep.1pp.10,18 U.; esp. passage through the skin, οἱ πόροι the pores or passages by which the ἀπορροαί passed, acc. to Empedocles,

πόρους λέγετε εἰς οὓς καὶ δι' ὧν αἱ ἀπορροαὶ πορεύονται Pl.Men. 76c

, cf. Epicur. Fr. 250, Metrod. Fr.7,Ti.Locr.100e;

νοητοὶ π. S.E.P.2.140

; opp. ὄγκοι, Gal. 10.268; so of sponges, Arist. HA 548b31; of plants, Id.Pr. 905b8, Thphr.CP1.2.4, HP1.10.5.

b of other ducts or openings of the body, π. πρῶτος, of the womb, Hp. ap. Poll.2.222; πόροι σπερματικοί, θορικοὶ π., Arist.GA 716b17, 720b13; π.

ὑστερικοί

the ovaries.

Id.HA 570a5

, al.; τροφῆς π., of the oesophagus, Id.PA 650a15, al.; of the rectum, Id.GA 719b29; of the urinal duct, ib. 773a21; of the arteries and veins, Id.HA 510a14, etc.

c passages leading from the organs of sensation to the brain,

ψυχὴ παρεσπαρμένη τοῖς π. Pl.Ax. 366a

;

οἱ π. τοῦ ὄμματος Arist.Sens. 438b14

, cf. HA 495a11, PA 656b17; ὤτων, μυκτήρων, Id.GA 775a2, cf. 744a2; of the optic nerves, Heroph. ap. Gal.7.89.

II c. gen. rei, way or means of achieving, accomplishing, discovering, etc.,

οὐκ ἐδύνατο π. οὐδένα τούτου ἀνευρεῖν Hdt.2.2

;

οὐδεὶς π. ἐφαίνετο τῆς ἁλώσιος Id.3.156

;

τῶν ἀδοκήτων π. ηὗρε θεός E.Med. 1418

(anap.); π. ὁδοῦ a means of performing the journey, Ar. Pax 124;

π. ζητήματος Pl.Tht. 191a

; but also π. κακῶν a means of escaping evils, a way out of them, E.Alc. 213 (lyr.): c. inf.,

πόρος νοῆσαι Emp.4.12

;

π. εὐθαρσεῖν And.2.16

;

π. τις μηχανή τε.. ἀντιτείσασθαι E.Med. 260

: with Preps.,

π. ἀμφί τινος A.Supp. 806

codd. (lyr.); περί τινος dub. in Ar.Ec. 653;

πόροι πρὸς τὸ πολεμεῖν X. An.2.5.20

.

2 abs., providing, means of providing, opp. ἀπορία, Pl. Men. 78d sq.; contrivance, device,

οἵας τέχνας τε καὶ π. ἐμησάμην A.Pr. 477

; δεινὸς γὰρ εὑρεῖν κἀξ ἀμηχάνων πόρον ib.59, cf. Ar.Eq. 759;

μέγας π. A.Pr. 111

;

τίνα π. εὕρω πόθεν; E.IA 356

(troch.).

3 π. χρημάτων a way of raising money, financial provision, X.Ath.3.2, HG1.6.12, D.1.19, IG7.4263.2 (Oropus, iii B.C.), etc.;

ὁ π. τῶν χρ. D.4.29

, IG12(5).1001.1 (Ios, iv B.C.); without χρημάτων, SIG284.23 (Erythrae, iv B.C.), etc.;

μηχανᾶσθαι προσόδου π. X.Cyr.1.6.10

, cf. PTeb.75.6 (ii B.C.): in pl., 'ways and means', resources, revenue,

πόροι χρημάτων D. 18.309

: abs.,

πόρους πορίζειν Hyp.Eux.37

, cf. X.Cyr.1.6.9 (sg.), Arist. Rh. 1359b23; πόροι ἢ περὶ προσόδων, title of work by X.: sg., source of revenue, endowment, OGI544.24 (Ancyra, ii A.D.), 509.12,14 (Aphrodisias, ii A.D.), etc.

b assessable income or property, taxable estate, freq. in Pap., as BGU1189.11 (i A.D.), etc.; liability, PHamb.23.29 (vi A.D.), etc.

III journey, voyage,

μακρᾶς κελεύθου π. A. Th. 546

;

παρόρνιθας π. τιθέντες Id.Eu. 770

, cf. E.IT 116, etc.; ἐν τῷ π. πλοῖον ἀνατρέψαι on its passage, Aeschin.3.158.

IV Π personified as father of Ἔρως, Pl.Smp. 203b.

ἀπόπλοος (A), [var] contr. -πλους, ὁ,

A sailing away,

ἐνθεῦτεν Hdt.8.79

, Arist.Po. 1454b2.

2 voyage home or back, X.An.5.6.20; of the Greeks at Troy, Arist.Po. 1457b7.

------------------------------------

ἀπόπλοος(B), ον, [var] contr. -πλους, ουν,

A starting on a voyage, AP5.177 (Mel.).

II unseaworthy, Hsch.

Παῦλος, ου, ὁ Paul, a Roman surname (never a praenomen), found in lit. (e.g. Diod S 14, 44, 1; 15, 76, 1), ins, pap; Mel., HE 4, 26, 3)

① Sergius Paulus s. Σέργιος.

② Paul, the apostle of Jesus Christ; fr. the beginning he bore the Israelite name Saul as well as the Graeco-Roman Paul (difft. e.g. HDessau, Her 45, 1910, 347–68 and EMeyer III 197; s. GHarrer, HTR 33, ’40, 19–33.—Σαούλ 2 and Σαῦλος), prob. born in Tarsus (s. Ταρσός), and perh. brought up there (but s. WvUnnik, Tarsus or Jerusalem, ’62), born a Roman citizen. He was educated in Mosaic tradition, but was not untouched by the syncretistic thought-world in which he lived. At first he was a zealous Pharisee and as such a vehement foe of Christians, but his perspective was changed by a vision of Jesus Christ (OKietzig, D. Bekehrg. d. Pls ’32; EPfaff, Die Bekehrg. d. hl. Pls in d. Exegese des 20. Jahrh. ’42; CBurchard, Der Dreizehnte Zeuge, ’70, 126 n. 278 [lit. since ’54]). Most prominent of the apostles to the nations/gentiles. As such he worked in Nabataean Arabia, Syria, and Cilicia, traveled through Cyprus, Asia Minor, Macedonia, and Greece, and planned a missionary journey via Italy to Spain (s. Σπανία). He was prevented fr. carrying out this plan (at least at this time) by his subsequent arrest in Jerusalem and the lawsuit connected w. it (NVeldhoen, Het Proces van den Ap. Pls 1924; ESpringer, D. Proz. des Ap. Pls: PJ 218, 1929, 182–96; HCadbury, Roman Law and the Trial of Paul: Beginn. I/5, ’33, 297–338). He reached Rome only as a prisoner (on the journey FDavies, St. Paul’s Voyage to Rome ’31), and was prob. executed there: Ac 9 and 13–28; Ro 1:1; 1 Cor 1:1, 12f; 3:4f, 22; 16:21; 2 Cor 1:1; 10:1; Gal 1:1; 5:2; Eph 1:1; 3:1; Phil 1:1; Col 1:1, 23; 4:18; 1 Th 1:1; 2:18; 2 Th 1:1; 3:17; 1 Ti 1:1; 2 Ti 1:1; Tit 1:1; Phlm 1, 9, 19; 2 Pt 3:15; Pol 9:1; (11:2, 3). AcPl Ant 13, 9 recto and 15 verso (= Aa I 237, 1f) and 66 times AcPl Ha, including once ὁ μακάριος Π. AcPl Ha 3, 27; the same 4 times in AcPlCor. ὁ μακάριος Π. ὁ ἀπόστολος 1 Cl 47:1. Π. ὁ ἡγιασμένος, ὁ μεμαρτυρημένος, ἀξιομακάριστος IEph 12:2. ὁ μακάριος καὶ ἔνδοξος Π. Pol 3:2. Mentioned w. Peter 1 Cl 5:5; IRo 4:3.—S. also ApcEsdr 5:22 p. 30, 24 Tdf.; with John ApcEsdr 1:19 p. 25, 13 Tdf.—CClemen, Paulus 1904, where the older lit. is given. Other lit. in RBultmann, TRu n.s. 6, ’34, 229–46; 8, ’36, 1–22; WLyons and MParvis, NT Literature 1943–45, ’48, 225–39; GBornkamm, RGG³ V, ’61, 189f; ABD s.v.—ADeissmann, Pls² 1925 (Eng. tr. WWilson 1926); EvDobschütz, Der Ap. Pls I 1926; LMurillo, Paulus 1926; KPieper, Pls., Seine missionarische Persönlichkeit u. Wirksamkeit^2,3 1929; EBaumann, Der hl. Pls 1927; PFeine, Der Ap. Pls 1927; RLiechtenhan, Pls 1928; HLietzmann, Gesch. d. Alten Kirche I ’32, 102–31; JStewart, A Man in Christ ’36; CScott, St. Paul, the Man and the Teacher ’36; ANock, St. Paul ’38; TGlover, Paul of Tarsus ’38; CYver, S. Paul ’39; VGrÿnbech, Paulus ’40; WvLoewenich, Pls ’40; DRiddle, Paul, Man of Conflict ’40; EBuonaiuti, San Paolo ’41; JBover, San Pablo ’41; EAllo, Paul ’42; JKlausner, Fr. Jesus to Paul ’43; EGoodspeed, Paul ’47; JKnox, Chapters in a Life of Paul ’50; MDibelius, Paulus ’51; ²’56, with WKümmel (Eng. tr. FClarke ’53); EFascher, Pauly-W. Suppl. VIII 431–66, ’57.—FPrat, La théologie de S. Paul 1924f (Eng. tr. JStoddard ’57); CScott, Christianity Acc. to St. Paul 1928; OMoe, Apostolen Pls’ Forkyndelse og Laere 1928; AKristoffersen, Åpenbaringstanke og misjonsforkynnelse hos Pls, diss. Upps. ’38; RGuardini, Jes. Chr. I (in Paul) ’40; ChGuignebert, Le Christ ’43, 3 (Paulinisme).—A Schweitzer, D. Mystik des Ap. Pls 1930 (Eng. tr. WMontgomery ’31); MGoguel, La Mystique Paulin.: RHPhr 11, ’31, 185–210; MDibelius, Pls u. d. Mystik ’41; AFaux, L’ Orphisme et St. Paul: RHE 27, ’31, 245–92; 751–91; HWindisch, Pls u. Christus, E. bibl.-rel. gesch. Vergleich ’34.—EEidem, Det kristna Livet enligt Pls I 1927; MEnslin, The Ethics of Paul 1930; LMarshall, The Challenge of NT Ethics ’46; DWhiteley, The Theol. of St. Paul, ’64.—APuukko, Pls u. d. Judentum: Studia Orientalia 2, 1928, 1–86; HWindisch, Pls u. d. Judentum ’35; NMansson, Paul and the Jews ’47; WKnox, St. Paul and the Church of the Gentiles ’39.—ASteinmann, Z. Werdegang des Pls. Die Jugendzeit in Tarsus 1928; EBarnikol, D. vorchristl. u. früchristl. Zeit des Pls 1929; AOepke, Probleme d. vorchristl. Zeit des Pls: StKr 105, ’33, 387–424; GBornkamm, D. Ende des Gesetzes, Paulusstudien ’52.—WKümmel, Jes. u. Pls: ThBl 19, ’40, 209–31; ASchlatter, Jes. u. Pls ’40; WDavies, Paul and Rabbinic Judaism ⁴’80.—GRicciotti, Paul the Apostle (Eng. tr. AlZizzamia) ’53; JSevenster, Paul and Seneca, ’61; H-JSchoeps, Paulus ’59 (Engl. tr. HKnight, ’61); BMetzger, Index to Periodical Lit. on Paul ’60; Wv Loewenich, Paul: His Life and Works (transl. GHarris), ’60; WSchmithals, Paul and James (transl. DBarton), ’65; EGüttgemanns, D. Leidende Apostel, ’66; HBraun, Qumran u. d. NT ’66, 165–80; SPorter, The Paul of Acts ’99; additional lit. HBetz, ABD V 199–201.—LGPN I. M-M. EDNT. TW.

σωτήρ, ῆρος, ὁ, voc. σῶτερ (v. infr. 1.2): poet. [full] σᾰωτήρ Simon. 129, Call.Del. 166: ([etym.] σῴζω):—

A saviour, deliverer, c. gen. of person etc. saved, σ. ἀνθρώπων, νηῶν, h.Hom.22.5, 33.6;

τῆς Ἑλλάδος Hdt. 7.139

;

ἑστίας πατρός A.Ch. 264

; but also c. gen. rei, [νόσου], κακῶν, βλάβης, a preserver from disease, ills, hurt, S.OT 304, E. Med. 360 (anap.), Heracl. 640; c. dat.,

σ. τῇ πόλει καὶ νῷν φανείς Ar.Eq. 149

; σ. δόμοις. Id.Nu. 1161; of a philosopher or guide,

ὁδηγόν.. ὅν φησι σωτῆρα μόνον Phld.Lib.p.20

O.; esp. of Epicurus,

ὁ σ. ὁ ἡμέτερος Polystr.Herc.346p.80V.

2 epith. of Ζεύς, Pi.O. 5.17, Fr.30.5, IG22.410.18 (iv B.C.), etc.; to whom persons after a safe voyage offered sacrifice, Diph.43.24; there was often a temple of Ζεὺς Σ. at harbours, e.g. the Piraeus, Str.9.1.15; to Ζεὺς Σωτήρ the third cup of wine was dedicated,

τρίτον Σωτῆρι σπένδειν Pi.I.6(5).8

;

τρίτην Διὸς Σωτῆρος εὐκταίαν λίβα A.Fr.55

;

Ζεῦ σῶτερ Ar.Th. 1009

, Din.1.36;

ὦ Ζεῦ σῶτερ Philem.79.21

, Men.532.2; to drink this cup became a symbol of good luck, and the third time came to mean the lucky time, τρίτος ἦλθέ ποθεν--σωτῆρ' ἢ μόρον εἴπω; A.Ch. 1073 (anap.); whence the proverb τὸ τρίτον τῷ σωτῆρι the third (i.e. the lucky) time, Pl.R. 583b, Phlb. 66d, Chrm. 167a; and Zeus was himself called

τρίτος σ., Παλλάδος καὶ Λοξίου ἕκατι καὶ τοῦ πάντα κραίν οντος τρίτου σωτῆρος A.Eu. 760

, cf. Supp.26 (anap.).

b epith. of other gods, as of Apollo, Id.Ag. 512, etc.; of Hermes, Id.Ch.2; of Asclepios, IG4.718 ([place name] Hermione), 7.2808 (Hyettus, iii A.D.), BMus. Cat.Coins Pontus p.156 ([place name] Nicaea);

σ. εὐρυχόρου Λακεδαίμονος Isyll. 82

;

τὸν σ. τῶν ὅλων Ἀσκληπιόν Jul.Or.4.153b

;

Ζεὺς Ἀσκληπιὸς σ. τῶν ὅλων Aristid.Or.42(6).4

; of the Dioscuri, IG12(3).422 (Thera, iii B.C.), 14.2406.108 ([place name] Tarentum), etc.; even with fem. deities, Τύχη σωτήρ, for σώτειρα, A.Ag. 664, S.OT81: generally, of guardian or tutelary gods, Hdt.8.138, A.Supp. 982, S.Ph. 738;

τοῖς ἀποτροπαίοις καὶ σωτῆρσι X.HG3.3.4

.

3 applied to rulers, διὰ σέ, βασιλεῦ (viz. Ptolemy IV Philopator), τὸν πάντων κοινὸν ς. PEnteux. 11.6 (iii B.C.); Πτολεμαῖος Σ. OGI19.1, al.; Ἀντίοχος Σ. ib.233.3, al.; of Roman Emperors or governors, ib.668.3 (Egypt, i A.D.), PLond.1.177.24 (i A.D.), etc.

4 in LXX and NT, applied to God, LXX De.32.15, al., 1 Ep.Ti.1.1, al.; to Christ, Ev.Luc.2.11, al.

II in Poets, as Adj.,

σ. ναὸς πρότονος A.Ag. 897

, cf. Pi.Fr. 159; with a fem. noun, γονῆς σωτῆρος (as Herm. for γυνή) A. Th. 225; τιμαὶ σωτῆρες the office or prerogative of saving, of the Dioscuri, E.El. 993 (anap.).

III name of a month created by Caligula, BGU 1078 (38 A.D.), PRyl.2.149 (39/40 A.D.), etc.

ὁδός, ἡ ( οὐδός once in Hom., Od.17.196):

I of Place, way, road, Il.12.168, 16.374, IG12.878, al. ;

ἱππηλασίη ὁ. Il.7.340

;

λαοφόρος 15.682

;

ὁ. ἁμαξιτός Pi.N.6.54

; ὁ. ἱερά, to Eleusis, Paus.1.36.3, cf. IG12.881 ;

βασιλικὴ ὁ. PPetr.3p.65

(iii B.C.), PSI8.917.8 (i A. D.) ; ποταμοῦ ὁ. course, channel of a river, X.Cyr.7.5.16 ;

ὁ. ἀκοντίου Antipho 3.4.5

: with expression of the direction,

ὁδὸς ἐς.. Od. 22.128

;

ἡ ὁ. ἡ εἰς ἄστυ Pl.Smp. 173b

;

ἐπί.. Id.Phdr. 272c

; τὴν εὐθὺς Ἄργους.. ὁ. leading straight to Argos, E.Hipp. 1197 ; τῆς ἀληθείας ὁ. the way to truth, Id.Fr. 289 ; cf.

νόστος 1.1

.

2 with Preps.,

πρὸ ὁδοῦ

further on the way, forwards,

Il.4.382

(cf. φροῦδος) ; later, = προὔργου, profitable, useful, πρὸ ὁ. εἶναι πρός τι to be helpful towards.., Arist.Cael. 292b9, cf. Metaph. 1044a24 ;

πρὸ ὁδοῦ γέγονεν Id.Pol. 1338a35

, cf. D.Prooem.34 ;

κατ' ὁδόν

by the way,

Hdt.1.41

, 111 ; κατὰ τὴν ὁ. along the road, Pl.Smp. 174d, cf. infr. 111.3 ; ἐκ τῆς ὁ. on his road, Hdt.1.157 (but ἄνθρωπος ἐξ ὁ. 'the man in the street', Eup.25 D.) ; ἐν ὁδῷ on a road, Hdt.1.114 ;

ἐν τῇ ὁ. μέσῃ Id.3.76

(but ἐν ὁ. καθελών Lexap.D.23.53, expld. by ἐν λόχῳ καὶ ἐνέδρᾳ by Harp. s.v. ὁδός) ; ὁδοῦ πάρεργον by the way, cursorily, Cic.Att.5.21.13,7.1.5, Gal.11.607.

3 ὁδός is freq. omitted,

ἐπορευόμην τὴν ἔξω τείχους Pl.Ly. 203a

; ἡ ἐπὶ θανάτου, v. θάνατος ; cf. τηνάλλως.

II as an Action, travelling, journeying, whether by land or water, journey, voyage, Od.2.285,8.150, etc.;

τρίποδας ὁ. στείχει A.Ag.80

(anap.);

τὰν νεάταν ὁ. στείχουσαν S.Ant. 807

(lyr.) ;

ὁ. ἄνω κάτω μία καὶ ὡυτή Heraclit. 60

; also, expedition, foray,

ὁδὸν ἐλθέμεναι Il.1.151

, cf. A.Th. 714 ; τριήκοντα ἡμερέων.. ὁ. a thirty days' journey, Hdt.1.104, cf. 206 ; also

ὅσον ἐπὶ τρεῖς ἡμέρας ὁδόν Id.3.5

(codd., ὁδοῦ edd.) ;

ἄστρων ὁδοί E. El. 728

(lyr.): as acc. cogn. with Verb of motion, τὴν ὁ. ἣν Ἑλένην περ ἀνήγαγεν by or in which.., Il.6.292 ; οὐρανοῦ τέμνων ὁ... Ἥλιε, metaph. from a ship, E.Ph.1 (but in Prose ὁ. τέμνειν is to make a road, Th.2.100, Pl.Lg. 810e) ; similarly where ὁ. is road,

μέσην ἔρχευ τὴν ὁ. Thgn.220

;

ὁ. χωρεῖν Th.3.24

; ἰόντες τὴν ἱρὴν ὁ., from Delphi, Hdt.6.34.

III metaph., way or manner,

πολλαὶ δ' ὁ... εὐπραγίας Pi.O.8.13

;

γλώσσης ἀγαθῆς ὁδός A.Eu. 989

(anap.) ; θεσπεσία ὁ. the way or course of divination, Id.Ag. 1154(lyr.);

μαντικῆς ὁ. S.OT 311

;

οἰωνῶν ὁδοῖς Id.OC 1314

;

σῶν ὁ. βουλευμάτων E.Hec. 744

;

γνώμης Id.Hipp. 290

; λογίων ὁ. their way, intent, Ar.Eq. 1015 ;

εὐτελείας ὁ. Jul.Or.6.198d

.

2 a way of doing, speaking, etc.,

τῆσδ' ἀφ' ὁδοῦ διζήσιος Parm.1.33

, cf. 8.18 ; τριφασίας ἄλλας ὁ. λόγων ways of telling the story, Hdt.1.95, cf. 2.20,22 ; but τριφασίας ὁ. τρέπεται turns into three forms, Id.6.119 ;

ἄδικον ὁ. ἰέναι Th.3.64

; ὁ. ἥντιν' ἰών by what course of action, Ar.Pl. 506, cf. Nu.75 ;

ἢν ἔχομεν ὁ. λόγων Id. Pax 733

;

μία δὴ λείπεται.. ὁ. Pl.Smp. 184b

.

3 method, system, Id.Sph. 218d, Arist.APr. 53a2, al.;

ὁδῷ

methodically, systematically,

Pl.R. 533b

, Stoic.2.39, etc. ; so

καθ' ὁδόν Pl.R. 435a

;

τὴν διὰ τοῦ στοιχείου ὁ. ἔχων ἔγραφεν Id.Tht. 208b

(cf.

διέξοδον 208a

).

4 of the Christian Faith and its followers, Act.Ap.9.2, 22.4, 24.14. (Root sed- 'go', in Skt. sad-, ā-sad- 'come to', 'reach', OSlav. choditi 'go'.)

Grammatical information: f., pl. also -α n. (on the fem. gender Schwyzer-Debrunner 34 n. 2, on the neutr. plur. Egli Heteroklisie 125)

Meaning: `road, path, course, journey' (Il., also IG 5 [2] 3, 23, Tegea IV^a)

Compounds: rarely as 1. member, e. g. κελευθο-ποιός `making a path' (A.), more often as 2. member, e. g. ἱππο-κέλευθος `making the road on a chariot, chariot-fighter' (Il., of Patroklos); ἀκόλουθος `following, attending on', often subst, α privativum (the double ablaut is surprising; assim.from *ἀκολευθ-?)

Derivatives: κελεύθειᾰ f. `goddess of the road', surname of Athena in Sparta (Paus. 3, 12, 4; after the nouns in - ειᾰ), κελευθείας τὰς ἐνοδίους δαίμονας H.; κελευθήτης `voyager' (AP 6, 120), after ἀγυιήτης, πολιήτης a. o.; a change to the more usual - ίτης (e. g. proposed by Redard Les noms grecs en - της 33) is unnecessary (in spite of ὁδίτης). - On κέλευθος a. rel. in gen.. Ruijgh L'élément achéen 123f.

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: The difficulty of finding an example for the θ-suffix, has resulted in many attempts to cennect κέλευθος with ἐλευθ- in ἐλεύσομαι etc. Thus Brugmann Sächs. Ber. 1897, 28 ( κέλευθος contaminated from κελεύειν and ἐλευθ-), Pisani Rend. Acc. Lincei 6: 5, 9 (from κε- in κεῖνος a. o. and ἐλευθ-; against this Kretschmer Glotta 20, 253), id. Ist. Lomb. 77, 552f. (from *κελο-λευθος; from κέλομαι). Diff., not better, Fraenkel Mélanges Boisacq 1, 373ff.: κέλευθος reshaped after κέλομαι for *κλεῦθος (to κλύω, s. v.). Direct connection with κελεύειν suggested by Specht Ursprung 254 and 280, whereby he identifies, not very probably, the suffix θ as IE. th in Skt. pánthāḥ `road' (see on πόντος) and in Lith. keliū́ta `road'. The last is clearly built on kẽli-as `road, street, course' and has no direct connection with κέλευθος; cf. Fraenkel KZ 72, 177. Nor can au in the denomin. keli-áuti `voyage, travel' and ευ in κέλευθος be identified (as Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. kẽlias).

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to perforate, to pierce, to pervade'; as simplex ep. poet., w. prefix also (late) prose. On the aorist πορεῖν s. v.

Other forms: Aor. πεῖραι, perf. midd. πέπαρμαι (Il.), aor. pass. παρῆναι (Hdt.).

Compounds: Often w. prefix, e.g. δια-, ἀνα-, κατα-, περι-.

Derivatives: (Very condensed survey): A. From the full grade: 1. διαμπερ-ές adv. `right through, continuously' (Il., Schwyzer 513). 2. περ-όνη f. `brooch, buckle' (Il.; like βελ-όνη, ἀκ-όνη a.o.) with - ονίς, - όνιον, - ονίδιον, - ονάω, - όνημα, - ονητήρ, - ονητρίς. -- B. From the full grade with o (1. and 2. semantically independent of the verb): 1. πόρος m. `passage, ford, narrowing, journey, road, way; means, way out', pl. `earnings' (Il.) with a. πορ-εύς, - ιμος; b. πορ-εύομαι, - εύω `to carry, to provide' (IA.), from which - εία, - εῖον, - ευμα, - ευσις, - ευτικός; c. πορ-ίζω, - ίζομαι `to bring about, to provide oneself' (IA.), from which - ισμός, - ισμα, - ιστής, - ιστικός. As 2. member a. o. in ἄ-πορος `with no way out, impassable, destitute' (Pi., IA.) with ἀπορ-έω, - ία. 2. πορ-θμός m. `ferry (ferry place, ferry road), strait, sound' (IA.; like στα-θμός a.o.) with - θμίς, - θμιος, - θμικός, - θμεύς, - θμεύω, - θμεία, - θμεῖον, - θμευμα u.a. - On πόρπη, πόρπαξ s.v.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [816] * per- `bring over'

Etymology: With the yot-present πείρω agrees phonet. and semant. OCS na-perjǫ `pierce'; the aorist πεῖραι has a formal agreement in Skt. aor. subj. párṣat(i) `may he carry over' (IE * per-s-); here the reduplicated pres. pí-par-ti. The meaning `carry over, ferry over' is still found in Greek in πόρος, πορθμός. Beside πόρος stands in Germ. a corresponding IE ā-stem, OWNo. fǫr, OE faru f. `voyage, expedition' (would be Gr. *πορά); here further Thrac. PN in - παρος, - παρα. The family has further a great many representatives in several languages, e.g. in Latin por-ta, - tus, - tāre, in Germ. OHG etc. faran `fare', in Armen. heriwn `piercer', which learn nothing for πείρω a. con.; s. also πορεῖν (and πέρνημι)}. -- WP. 2, 39 f., Pok. 816f., W.-Hofmann s. porta, Mayrhofer s. píparti² w. further details a. lit.

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